Medieval Middle East {1100-1800} Study Guide 2
#15a, Eastern Christians and Religious Minorities
Ulema
Sufi
Tariqa
Madrasa
Conversion to Islam
conquest, taxes, merchants, Sufis, intermarriage
Syncretistic Islam vs. Puritanical Islam
al-Ghazali
Sultan
Patronage of Islam as means of legitimization
Dhimmi
jizya
millet
disappearance of Christian and Jewish minorities in 20th century
#15b,
Transformation the Islamic World
Invasions of Turks, Mongols and Crusaders
Rise of Turkish military aristocracies
mamluk, nomad, sedentary
Sultan = authorization by Caliph
Wazir (vizier) = intellectual elites
serving Sultan
iqta' = land for service
geography of the steppe
steppe nomadism
herd, trade, raid
Khan (=Turkish “chief” or “king”)
tribal confederation
military strength of steppe nomads
mounted archery, mobility, militarism
shamanism
Turkic peoples
Central Asian frontier
Saljuqids (Selchuqids, Seljuqs)
Battle of Dandanqan {1040} = Saljuqs defeat Ghaznivids
Baghdad{1055} triumphal entry of Toghril by invitation of caliph
Manzikert {1071} = conquest of Anatolia from Byzantines
Atabeg (= father of prince) guardian, regent and tutor
Tughril Bek {r. 1037-1063}
Alp Arslan {r. 1063-1072}
Nizam al-Mulk {d. 1092}
al-Ghazali {d. 1111}
al-Nasir {r. 1180-1225} and the restoration of Abbasid power
Turkish as Third cultural language of the
Islamic World
Chaghatai
Turkish in Central Asia
Ottoman
Turkish in Ottoman Empire
#17 Crusaders (Holt ix-52)
Holy War
Fragmentation of the Islamic World
First Crusade
Jerusalem {1099}
Crusader States as coastal naval power
maritime domination by Venice and Genoa
Richard Lionheart and Third Crusade {1191-1193}
military orders (Templars)
Spiritual importance of Jerusalem for Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Constantinople {1204} (Fourth Crusade)
Failure
of Louis IX’s Seventh Crusade to Egypt {1248-1250}
#18 Sunni Revival
Fall
of Buyids and Fatimids
al-Ghazali {1058-1111}
Nizaris (Assassins)
Hassan al-Sabbah
Alamut
Syrian “Old Man of the Mountain”
Sultan system
Restoration of Abbasid Independence
al-Nasir {1180-1225}
Fall of Baghdad to Mongols 1258
Shadow Caliphate {1260-1517}
#18 Ayyubids
Islamic disunity
Zangids = unite Syria, first use of Jihad
Zangi
Nur al-Din
Struggle for Damascus (1140s-1150s)
Ayyubids
Saladin {1171-1193}
Hattin {1187}
Jerusalem {1187}
Stalemate in the Third Crusade
Later Ayyubids
weak confederation and succession problems
increasing use of Mamluks
al-Adil
accommodations with Crusaders
Frederick and the Sixth Crusade
Khwarismian refugees
#19, Mongols
Chingiz Khan (Genghis Khan) {1167/1206-1227}
Shamanism
Tengri = high God
syncretism with conquered peoples
Nestorianism; alliance with Christians
Conversion of western Khanates to Islam
noker = blood brotherhood
Central Asian military system
great hunt (nerge)
great assembly (quriltai)
Hulegu Khan {1244-1265}
devastation of Iran
Baghdad {1258}
Ayn Jalut {1260}= Mongols defeated by Mamluks
Ilkhanids
Mongol-Mamluk Wars
Ghazan and conversion to Islam
End of the Mongol conquests
logistics; split into four khanates
Golden Horde = southern Russia
Chaghatai = Central Asia
nomadic succession system and inheritance
sedentarization of the Mongols
Pax Mongolica
Silk Road
#20, Mamluks
Mamluk usurpation
Seventh Crusade and St. Louis IX {1250}
Salih
Mansura {1250}
Shajarat al-Durr
Ayn Jalut {1260} and Mongol Wars
Baybars {1260-1277}
creation of the Mamluk political and military system
Shadow Caliphate
Renewal of Jihad vs. Mongols and Crusaders
Victory over the Crusaders
Fall of Acre {1291}
problem of Mamluk succession
Bahri (Kipchak) and Circassian
problem of legitimization
patronage of arts and culture
History writing = Ibn Khaldun
Decline of the Mamluks
instability, military decay, indiscipline, factionalism
economic depression
#21, Timurids
conquests
Transoxiana {1370}
Persia {1381}
Preditory State
Golden Age of Samarkand
deportation of skilled workers and plunder
Later Timurids
Slow disintegration of empire
Shah Rukh, 1405-1447
#22, Later Mamluks (combined with #20 above)
#22,
Gunpowder Empires
Firearms and Canons
cheaper, more penetrating power, defensive advantage, less training
slow rate of fire, inaccurate, immobile
cavalry cannot use gunpowder weapons effectively
Impact of Gunpowder
increase capacity to capture cities and fortifications
ultimate decrease in nomadic military capacity
transformation of naval warfare
Creates Three major Stable empires
Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals,
Sufism and Turkish Shamanism
Development of new Regional Cultural Centers
Samarkand, Bukhara, Delhi, Isfahan, Istanbul
European Naval Power (Indian Ocean Trade)
Lepanto, 1571
#23, Safavids
Isma'il {1499-1524}
radical messianic Shi’i Sufism + Turkish military strength
Chaldiran {1514} and the struggle with Ottomans
Qizilbash (“red heads”)
theocracy
conversion of Iran to Twelver Shi'ism
Shah Abbas the Great
military and administrative reforms
Golden age of art and architecture
“Isfahan is half the world”
Mosque of the Shah in Isfahan
Persian miniature painting tradition
Twelver Shi’ism
Ayatollah and Hidden Imam
Stagnation in the eighteenth century
Nadir Shah {1729-1747}
#24a, Expansion of the early modern Islamic World
conversion = elites, urban, rural
conquest
trade routes as mechanisms of conversion
conversion of elites and state patronage
intermarriage
conversion of entire tribes (Turks)
missionaries
Sufis
migration of Muslims into newly conquered areas
India, Anatolia and Balkans
syncretism
Sikhs, Sufis
puritan reforms
Zones of expansion, 1300-1600
Balkans
Central Asia
India
Indonesia
West Africa
#24, Early Ottomans
Manzikert {1071}
Myriokephanlon (1176)
Kose Dagh {1243}
Kosovo {1389}
Varna {1444}
Constantinople {1453}
Mehmet the conqueror
Ghazi principalities
Orkhan; expansion into Europe
janissaries and devshirme
Ottomans as the major European power {16th century}
gunpowder empire
Ottoman naval power
Lepanto {1571}
naval technology
Suleiman the Magnificent
Vienna
Ottomans and the Age of Exploration
#26, India and the Mughals
Rajputs
Failed Arab Invasions
Mahmud of Ghazni {998-1030} and raids on temples
Muhammad of Ghur
Battle of Tararori {1192}
Sultanate of Delhi {1206-1526}
Muhammad ibn Tughluq {1325-51}
Ibn Battuta
syncretism
Vijayanagar
Babur (conquests)
Mughals as gunpowder empire
Akbar (syncretism)
Sikhs
partial conversion of India
South Asian trade
Mughal high culture
Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal
Aurangzeb (puritanism)
Decline of the Mughals
decentralization
Rise of independent Hindu states
Spread of Islam to Indonesia and Malaysia
Coming of the Europeans
Portuguese, British
control ports and maritime trade
#27, Middle and Late Ottomans
Conquests of Selim and Suleyman
Iraq, Syria, Egypt, North Africa
The Balkans, Hungary, Black Sea
Failures: Vienna 1529; Malta 1565
Suleyman the Magnificent
Law Code and administration
The Golden Age = Sixteenth Century
Poetry = Baki
History = Ahmed Kemalpashazade
Architecture = Sinan (Selimiye mosque in Edirne)
Piri Reis {1465-1554}, greatest Ottoman admiral
Millet System
semi-autonomic ethnic and religious minorities
gives local freedom but also decentralization
Golden Age of Ottoman Jews
Safed and Kabbalism
Shabbatai Tzvi and Messianism
Don Joseph Nasi—Jewish bankers and merchants
Decline of the Ottomans
Incompetent Sultans
Harem
Factionalism
Corruption
Military decline
indiscipline and inefficiency
Age of Military Stalemate, 1571-1683
Age of Military decline, 1683-1798
Decentralization
semi-autonomy in the provinces
Brigandage
Economic depression
Changing world trade routes
Capitulations
Corruptions
Over-taxation
Inflation from New World silver and gold
technological stagnation
military = gunpowder and naval
no adoption of printing press
no renaissance or scientific revolution